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The Basic Jamaican Ska Step
The upper half of the body(waist up) keeps the beat by bowing forward with a straight back and a slight bend in both knees, similar to 1b. At the first bow the arms extend to the sides(1a and 1b). At the second bow, the arms cross in front (1c and 1d). The body straightens up in between the change of arms from one position to the other. You continue in this way for the basic ska step done on the spot.
The Basic Ska Step with a Slide
First to the right be moving the right leg on the extension of the arms (1a) then bringing up the left leg on the closing arms (1c), then to the left by moving the left leg on the extension of the arms and by bringing up the right leg on the closing of the arms. Remember the basic body beat described in the first paragraph is performed during the movements to the right and left.

Western Roll
(2a and 2b) You can start out by facing your partner with a slight inclination forward of the upper half of the body and a slight bend in both knees. The arms are bent at the elbows and parallel to the ground. The movement commences with the man breaking to his right (2a), throwing back his right shoulder, arm and leg at the same time throwing his hips forward (the woman doing the reverse). From there you return to the opening position, facing your partner again. The man then breaks in the opposite direction (2b) throwing back his left shoulder, arm and leg (the woman doing the reverse). The Ska Beat in this step is kept on all three movements - the break to the right, the coming together, and the break to the left. You will find if you are keeping the beat correctly, the heavy drum beat is only on movements to the right and left.
Kingston Head Roll
(2c and 2d) Similar to the Western Roll only not as exaggerated in the breaks from right to left and heads are together at the forehead during the step. This step is done to relax and cool off.
Rowing
(3a and 3b) The most energetic of all Ska Steps is the rowing. A similar action to rowing a boat, it is done either facing your partner or beside your partner. The first step is to reach out with the arms (3a) keeping both back and legs perfectly straight to form an angle at the waist. Then pull back (3b) throwing backwards the upper half of the body (from the knees up). The Ska Beat is maintained first with the forward movement in 3a and then again with the backward movement in 3b. The weight of the body is shifted alternately from the right to the left on each pull back action. If done properly, the heavy ska beat is on the pull back action.
Rowing Across
(3c and 3d) Just like "Rowing" only instead of 3b, the legs are lifted alternately on the pull back beat (3c) covering ground with each step in order to change your position (3d). This step may also be done on the spot for variation.
Ska-ing
(4a and 4b) This dance step is similar to the action of skiing and is done rapidly to the beat of the guitar. You start out by leaning forward at the waist with the hands in front and straight legs (4a). In the second position (4b), the hands are brought down to the sides and at the same time the knees are bent. Both 4a and 4b are repeated simultaneously to the fast ska beat of the guitar.
Ska-Riding
(4c and 4d) Ska Riding is the step usually done immediately after Ska-ing and is similar to the action of riding a horse. Both dancers pretend to be riding a horse giving a pumping action of the hands in front of the body and at the same time behind the knees (4c). The bend of the knees and the push out of the hands are done together on the fast guitar beat. Occasionally, as seen in 4d, you use one hand to "whip your horse".
Ska-Stomping
This step is usually done when the musical excitement is at its peak and "the spirit has really got you". Facing your partner, you start jumping as follows:

First, you land on both feet with both knees bent (5a) then you straighten your legs extending both arms and right legs to the sides (partner doing the reverse)(5b). Returning to the 5a postion again, you then straighten your legs extending both arms and your left leg (partner doing the reverse) (5c). For variation, Step 5d may be used, in which between stomping on the floor, the legs and arms are thrown forward - right arm/left leg in the first case and left arm, right leg in the second case. At all times while doing this step, the stomping on the floor with both feet is done strongly to the heavy ska drum beat.